Morphology | & Lexicology | Word Classes |
Term | Definition & Functions | Examples |
Nouns | Names person/place/thing Can be pluralised, made possessive, and can be created utilising a noun forming derivational morpheme. | bread bread's breads sadness |
Verbs | Describes an action - a doing word. Can change tense, and can be created with a verb forming derivational morpheme. | running |
Auxiliary Verbs | Can take negative inflection. The base can be altered to change tense. Comes before a lexical verb | do/be |
Modal Verbs | Type of auxiliary verb. Expresses modality. Can take negative inflection. Comes first in verbal element | can/may |
Adjectives | Describes a noun. Can use inflections to show extent (or more/most) | fast / fastest |
Adverbs | Describes adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. Can take inflections to show extent and can be created with adverb-forming derivational morphemes. | slowly |
Prepositions | Expresses geographical space or time. (head of prepositional phrase) | on top of |
Pronouns | Substitutes for nouns. Have different inflectional forms. | myself, her, they |
Conjunctions | Coordinate 2 syntactical elements (of equal weight) | and/but that/if (subordinating) |
Determiners | Introduce noun phrases | the/that |
Interjections | Exclamations generally separate to a sentence | yay |
Function Words | Syntactical glue that holds words together | Pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, determiners, modal verbs, prepositions |
Content Words | Carry the meaning in sentences | Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives |
Morphology | & Lexicology | | Affxation |
Term | Definition | Function | Examples |
Prefix | Morpheme added to the start of a word | To change: - meaning - word class | un + friend = unfriend |
Suffix | Morpheme added to the end of the word | To change: - meaning - word class - grammatical properties | friend + ly = friendly |
Infix | Morpheme added in the stem of a word | To change: - to insert swear words | abso-bloody-lutely |
Morphology | & Lexicology | Word creation/loss |
Term | Definition | Examples |
Inflection | Addition of a bound morpheme to change the grammar, not class or meaning | The girl plays at the beach The girl played at the beach The was playing at the beach |
Derivation | Addition of a bound morpheme to change class or meaning | happiness |
Root Morphemes | Morphemes that are the meaningful part of a word | unknowingly |
Bound Morpheme | Morphemes that cannot stand alone as a word | unknowingly |
Free Morphemes | Morphemes that can stand alone as words | unknowingly |
Morphology | & Lexicology, | & Word Loss |
Term | Definition | Examples |
Blends | Combining existing words into a new one, incorporating the meaning of both | |
Acronyms | Words created from the first letter in an order of words (pronounced as a word) | NASA |
Initialisms | Words created from the first letter in an order of words (pronounced as individual) | ANZ |
Shortenings | Words that are a smaller version of another word | approx (approximate) |
Compounding | Combination of existing words | comeback |
Contractions | Shortened versions of existing versions of words or word orders, generally with an apostrophe | don't (do not) |
Collocations | Words which often appear beside each other Create cohesion within speech | under + cover = undercover |
Neologisms | New words | |
Borrowing | Acquisition of words from another language Expand the lexicology of a language | churro |
Commonisation | When a the brand name becomes so commonly used as the name for an item Simplification | kleenex |
Archaism | Words no longer used Create a formal register | |
Morphology | & Lexicology, | |
suffixation in australian english | shortenings with a diminutive suffixation | footy |
Morphology | & Lexicology, | |
conversion of word class | word formation | google it |
creative word formation | ^ | |
lexical choice and patterning | choice and repetition of features | |
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